Support Young Childrens Healthy Development And Learning

2. According to Gonzalez-Mena and Widmeyer Eyer, a â€Å" respectful and responsive curriculum is based on relationships that occur within planned and unplanned activities, experiences, and happenings† (2014, p. 26). This relationship-based curriculum, referred to as the â€Å"caregiving curriculum,† includes three fundamental policies: (1) a primary Caregiving system; (2) consistency; and (3) continuity of care. Using examples, describe how these policies work together to support young children’s healthy development and learning. The primary Caregiving system; consistency; and continuity of care policies work together to support young children’s healthy development and learning. The Continuity of care in a group setting lessens the amount of†¦show more content†¦An exemplification of this is when you change a baby s sleep schedule; they become cranky and annoyed all the time because they have to keep adjusting. Continuity is an important of primary caregiving because it allows you time as a caregiver to understand the needs of the child and their family (Gonzalez-Mena Widmeyer Eyer, 2015). Continuity can be implemented though keeping a group of children with the same teacher for a long period (Gonzalez-Mena Widmeyer Eyer, 2015). Your cynosure is to keep things the same together with keeping the number of children the same thought the program; do not add in additional numbers of children or caregivers. 3. Quality relationships are formed through ongoing interactions. Caregiving routines, such as feeding and diapering, provide valuable opportunities for building such relationships. Review â€Å"Relationships, Interactions, and the Three Rs† on pages 4–5 of the course text. Then select one of the Caregiving routines described in Chapter 3 and explain how respectful, responsive, and reciprocal interactions during this type of Caregiving routine can help build supportive relationships between infants/toddlers and caregivers. Relationships are key in infant-toddler care and education and they grow over time with interactions or as we have learned the Three-R interactions (Gonzalez-Mena Widmeyer Eyer, Principles, Practice, and Curriculum, 2015). The Three-R interactions are respectful,

Essay about Human Evolution and Adaptation - 637 Words

Over the course of evolution, humans have evolved to adapt the ever-changing conditions to improve their chances of surviving. Is there still room for natural evolution or has the time come for us to use our technological innovations and further our development beyond previously thought possible by biological means. Past trends have shown that as time has passed, significant body structures have changed to counteract the changes to our environment. The changes that have been most significant are: dentation; brain size; muzzle angles; average body weight, skull structure. Will these continue to change and progress along similar trend lines, or has the time come for the evolution of our species to become technologically driven? As humans†¦show more content†¦However as the planet warmed, natural selection may have started to favour a slighter stature in humans. Therefore, as the skeletons and skulls got smaller the brain shrunk in size as a result (McAuliffe, 2011). Another theory that is circulating the science community is that the decrease in cranial capacity is attributed to the arrival of agriculture One theory is that H. sapiens have reached the end of the evolutionary line. As evolutionary changes have occurred, it is known that these changes become fixed in isolated populations. For example, the Galapagos Finches that evolved from the mainland species to survive in the unique habitat of the isolated islands. When natural selection occurs, a genetic mutation, e.g. spine suited to bipedal locomotion, is passed through the generations, as it provides some benefit to the value of life of the organism. Eventually this mutated trait becomes the desired gene for further generations. However if the populations where these mutations are occurring, the potential for significant mutations to take effect within the gene pool decreases as a result of interbreeding between populations (Owen, 2009). As H. sapiens have become extremely mobile, as in they can cover large distances thanks to the development of technological innovations, the possibility between crossbreeding between separate gen e pools of different populations, the possibility that a potentially beneficial mutation can become the desired gene isShow MoreRelatedThe Full Scope Of Human Life871 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are an interesting species because of the strong need humans have to fully understand what it truly means to be human. Many fields such as history, psychology, and sociology all offer a perspective in the study of humanity, but there are distinguishable from anthropology. Anthropology differs from other humanities fields due to its holistic nature, comparative research methods, and the strong emphasis on fieldwork and participant interaction. Anthropology is the study of people throughoutRead More What Makes Us Human?1718 Words   |  7 PagesHumans are extremely complex and unique beings. We are animals however we often forget our origins and our place in the natural world and consider ourselves superior to nature. Humans are animals but what does it mean to be human? What are the defi ning characteristics that separate us from other animals? How are we different? Human origins begin with primates, however through evolution we developed unique characteristics such as larger brain sizes, the capacity for language, emotional complexityRead MoreEssay about Evolution1502 Words   |  7 PagesOrigin of Speciesquot; which accounted for the similarities and adaptations characteristic of living organisms. To account for the adaptations of organisms and those innumerable features that equip them for survival and reproduction, Darwin (and Wallace) independently came up with the central theory of evolutionary process: natural selection. Natural selection gives insight in to why organisms are the way that they are. Adaptations are phenotypic variants that result in the highest fitness amongRead MoreThe Theory Of Natural Selection963 Words   |  4 Pages Life is evolution. Humans continuously try to keep up with the latest trends in an attempt to remain relevant in society. In the past ten years, humans have evolved immensely with the introduction, development, and integration of technology into their culture. Virtually everything can be found on the internet. Pictures and documents are being shared through cloud storage rather than being shared directly with a physical document, and doing homework online is now the norm. People have adapted toRead MoreTaking a Look at Adaptation709 Words   |  3 Pagesmost thought-provoking factors of survival is that of animal adaptation. Over the years, animal adaptations have astonished scientists and led to many discoveries of how organisms have survived throughout time. An adaptation is a feature of an animal that has changed over the course of time to better help the animal survive in their given habitat. Natural selection is what causes adaptations to occur. When various animals develop an adaptation, they can then increase their population because they areRead MoreThe Theories Of Hominin Evolution By Richard Potts ( 1999 )1056 Words   |  5 PagesHumans, or Homo Sapiens, are extremely intelligent beings with complex cognitive and manipulative abilities who have taken over the world. How did humans come to be such a skillful and dominant species? Scientists for years have sought to fully understand the physical and cognitive evolution of the hominin clade. If human evolution did start off with apelike habits, why are there human traits such as terrestrial bipedality, toolmaking, and larger brains? When did these traits emerge? What gave riseRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Rusingoryx And Hadrosaur Dinosaurs933 Words   |  4 PagesNasal dome is completely new structure for mammals. Paleontologists say that a â€Å"Pleistocene antelope with a bony nasal crest like that of some hadrosaur species is a surprising example of what’s called convergent evolution.† (Strickland, Feb.4, 2016, para. 2). This convergent evolution can be explained by the similarities in the way Rusingoryx and hadrosaurs lived. Such as â€Å"Rusingoryx and hadrosaurs enjoyed very similar lifestyles: both grazed in herds on wide, grassy plains. O’Brien and her colleaguesRead MoreWhy Evolution Is True?1079 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is Evolution True Essay - Final Over the past few centuries, humans have been questioning and debating over what makes evolution true. In Jerry Coyne’s work, Why Evolution is True, he noted two kinds of evidence from Darwin’s theory of evolution. The first evidence includes the six testable predictions of evolution: evolution, gradualism, speciation, common-ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change. The second evidence that Coyne noted in his work is theRead MoreHow Human Disease Has Impacted Our Evolution1332 Words   |  6 PagesHow Human Disease Has Impacted Our Evolution Human Disease is an issue that is still constantly trying to be solved and cured in our society. Health care is a critical issue in politics because so many people are still seeking and needing treatment for a variety of illnesses. This is kind of surprising to consider since it is the best time in human history to be alive in terms of healthcare. In the past, humans easily died of many diseases that have been completely cured and unheard of today, suchRead MoreEvolution And Evolution Of Evolution1337 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ultimate goal. Humans, however, are always adapting and changing to the world and environment around, which creates a unique perspective for Anthropologists. Physically and culturally, Anthropologists work to gather data through various subfields within Anthropology to adapt to the human species. Evolution would be defined as when â€Å"something† can develop from something that is simplistic to something that can adapt to the world around it and is more complex. All human beings in past and

How to Learn English Free Essays

How to learn English effectively Do you want to know how to learn English effectively? If so, you are not alone. In fact, there are many people out there today who are working to learn English as a second language. No matter what the reason is that you are learning English, you want to make sure that you can learn it quickly and effectively as well. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Learn English or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether you are learning English in a class, on your own, or with language teaching software, there are certain things that you can do to make sure that you learn the language effectively. So, here are a few tips to keep in mind that will help you on your journey towards learning the English language. Tip #1- Make Sure You WANT to Learn One of the first tips that can help you out if you want to know how to learn English effectively is to make sure that you really want to learn this language. If you really don’t want to learn, there is no book, no class, and no tips that are going to make it simpler for you. Make sure that you ask yourself whether you really want to learn English. If not, then it’s not for you. However, a real desire to learn the language can go a long way. Tip #2 – Figure Out What Motivates You If you want to learn English effectively, you need to figure out what your motivation is. Why do you want to learn English so badly? Do you want to improve your current learning, get a better job, attend university, or enjoy your life in an English speaking country? No matter the reason you are motivated to learn this language, you need to understand what motivates you so you can use it as encouragement as you learn the language. Tip #3 – Decide on Some Goals It is very important that you have goals in mind if you want to know how to learn English effectively. Setting goals will help you to know where you want to be and it will you to actually see your progress as you learn the language as well. Decide what your goals are, whether you want to improve your vocabulary, pronunciation, or even if you want to comprehend when you’re listening better. Once you know your goals, make sure that you are working to achieve them. Tip #4 –Be Sure to Practice Practicing is probably one of the most important tips if you want to know how to learn English effectively. The more you practice your English skills, the better you will become at it. You can practicing by reading English, by writing emails and letters, by listening to television or the radio in English, or even by taking time to speak to other people who speak the English language. The more you practice, the fewer mistakes you’ll end up making over time, and you’ll become more effective with your English skills. Tip #5 – Work on Vocabulary Development No matter what language you’re learning, a large vocabulary is going to be very important. This is especially important when you are learning the English language. One of the best ways to learn new vocabulary words is to start reading and you can also learn more by listening to the radio or watching television. Playing word games and doing word puzzles can also help you out when you are trying to enhance your English vocabulary. Tip #6 – Study on a Regular Basis If you plan on learning a language, you are going to have to make studying a priority. It’s not just something you do every now and then, but it should be done every single day. When you study each day it is easier to retain the new things that you learn. You’ll also find that you can review easier every day and you’ll definitely remember what you learn a lot better as well. So, if you want to know how to learn English effectively, then you need to make studying a priority. Tip #7 – Make it Enjoyable When you’re having fun, it actually makes it easier for you to remember things that you learn, so make sure that you make learning English fun. Take time to do puzzles and to play games, even if it does seem a bit childlike. They really can help you as you learn English and provide you with excellent practice. Ref : http://www. learnenglish-a-z. om/how-to-learn-english-effectively. html Rules for Writing Formal Letters in English In English there are a number of conventions that should be used when writing a formal or business letter. Furthermore, you try to write as simply and as clearly as possible, and not to make the letter longer than necessary. Remember not to use informal language like contractions. Addr esses: 1) Your Address The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of the letter. 2) The Address of the person you are writing to The inside address should be written on the left, starting below your address. Date: Different people put the date on different sides of the page. You can write this on the right or the left on the line after the address you are writing to. Write the month as a word. Salutation or greeting: 1) Dear Sir or Madam, If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, use this. It is always advisable to try to find out a name. 2) Dear Mr Jenkins, If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc. ) and the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and single women. Ending a letter: 1) Yours Faithfully If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 2) Yours Sincerely If you know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 3) Your signature Sign your name, then print it underneath the signature. If you think the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male of female, put you title in brackets after your name. Content of a Formal Letter First paragraph The first paragraph should be short and state the purpose of the letter- to make an enquiry, complain, request something, etc. The paragraph or paragraphs in the middle of the letter should contain the relevant information behind the writing of the letter. Most letters in English are not very long, so keep the information to the essentials and concentrate on organising it in a clear and logical manner rather than expanding too much. Last Paragraph The last paragraph of a formal letter should state what action you expect the recipient to take- to refund, send you information, etc. Abbreviations Used in Letter Writing The following abbreviations are widely used in letters: †¢asap = as soon as possible cc = carbon copy (when you send a copy of a letter to more than one person, you use this abbreviation to let them know) †¢enc. = enclosure (when you include other papers with your letter) †¢pp = per procurationem (A Latin phrase meaning that you are signing the letter on somebody else’s behalf; if they are not there to sign it themselves, etc) †¢ps = postscript (when you want to add som ething after you’ve finished and signed it) †¢pto (informal) = please turn over (to make sure that the other person knows the letter continues on the other side of the page) †¢RSVP = please reply Outline: A Covering Letter A covering letter is the one that accompanies your CV when you are applying for a job. Here is a fairly conventional plan for the layout of the paragraphs. Opening Paragraph Briefly identify yourself and the position you are applying for. Add how you found out about the vacancy. Paragraph 2 Give the reasons why you are interested in working for the company and why you wish to be considered for that particular post. State your relevant qualifications and experience, as well as your personal qualities that make you a suitable candidate. Paragraph 3 Inform them that you have enclosed your current CV and add any further information that you think could help your case. Closing Paragraph Give your availability for interview, thank them for their consideration, restate your interest and close the letter. Outline: A Letter of Enquiry A letter of enquiry is when you are approaching a company speculatively, that is you are making an approach without their having advertised or announced a vacancy. Opening Paragraph Introduce yourself briefly and give your reason for writing. Let them know of the kind of position you are seeking, why you are interested and how you heard about them. Paragraph 2 Show why their company in particular interests you, mention your qualifications and experience along with any further details that might make them interested in seeing you. Paragraph 3 Refer to your enclosed CV and draw their attention to any particularly important points you would like them to focus on in it. Closing Paragraph Thank them, explain your availability for interview and restate your enthusiasm for their company and desire to be considered for posts that might as yet be unavailable. Ref : http://www. usingenglish. com/resources/letter-writing. html How to cite How to Learn English, Essay examples

Sources of Economics Comparative Advantage - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Sources of EconomicsComparative Advantage. Answer: Sources of Comparative Advantage Essentially, comparative advantage implies the ability of firms, industries or countries to produce a commodity or service incurring low opportunity costs as compared to their competitors. Specifically, the availability of natural resources can offer a comparative advantage for the country or firm dominating the natural resource (sources , 2018).In addition, the more expansive a firm or country enjoys large economies of scale could place them in a position to enjoy comparative advantages. In the sense that, a domestic market with large economies of scale is likely to attract more investments which result in more revenue for the government and private business owners while expanding employment opportunities and boosting consumer welfare. Further, technological advancement can offer opportunities for comparative advantages for the technologically advanced firm or country over its competitors. In the sense that, a firm adopting current or superior technology is likely to produce surplus goods and services at lower costs thus maximizing its revenue. Typically, superior technology translates into quality products and services which is very easy to penetrate new markets due to the uniqueness of the product thus increasing revenue for the stakeholders against its competitors. Moreover, factor endowments are considered comparatively advantageous in certain situations. For instance, a nation with highly skilled human capital is likely to export it and import less skilled imports according to the Heckscher-Ohlin Model (Walker, 2013).In addition, preferences are considered to offer comparative advantages for the partaking stakeholders. This is because in the event that a given product or service is preferred as compared to its competing product or service implies that the preferred business operator has a comparative advantage in the sense that most of his or her goods will be consumed as compared to its competitors. Explain how comparative advantage can change over time Following the dynamic nature of comparative advantage, there's a likelihood of various changes over time. Particularly, the change in technology can shift the advantages previously enjoyed by a firm in the sense that with the development of superior technology, a firm implementing inferior technology will lose its comparative advantage if it doesn't advance or adopt more superior technology (Riley,2015).Also, in the event that theres depletion of the natural resource which was key in providing the comparative advantage of a given firm or country, the said firm or country will lose this advantage due to the fact that it may need to incur extra costs such as transportation, purchase of the natural resource to keep its operations afloat(Economics Online,2018). In addition, there will be a change in the comparative advantage of a firm or country in the event that there's a drastic change of its factor endowments. Specifically, in the event that a given country has a large portion of its human capital comprising of the aged population. Usually, a youthful labor force is considered efficient and effective due to their physical abilities thus making a firm or country with an aging population losing its productivity comparative advantage. Collectively, the changes in the world prices, opportunity costs (social) of local production factors and technology continue to influence the changes in the comparative advantage of the different business operators in the sense that they influence the demand and supply of goods and services. The dynamic nature of comparative advantage is inevitable. References Economics Online. (2018).Comparative Advantage. Economics Online. Retrieved from https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Comparative_advantage.html Riley. G. (2015).Sources of Comparative Advantage.Tutor2u.net.Com.Retrieved from https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/sources-of-comparative-advantage Sources of Comparative Advantage. (2018).Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/international-trade/Sources-of-comparative-advantage Walker, R. J. (2013).Economics 448: Comparative Advantage. The University of Wisconsin. Retrieved from https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~walker/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/E448Lec3slides.pdf

The inspectors arrival Essay Example For Students

The inspectors arrival Essay How does Priestley portray one member of the Birling family before, during and after the inspectors arrival? Sheila  I think Priestley way of showing the characters, before, during and after the inspectors visit it very strongly presented.  For example the way he portrays Sheila is one of the strong examples, this is mainly because she changes a lot during the whole play. She changes not only with her attitude but also too the way she tackles life. Ahead of the inspectors arrival the stage directions that Priestley gives are slightly different to the ones at the end. This is because his directions in the home, at the beginning of the play create a different image about each character. For example he illustrates Mr Birling to be an exceptionally arrogant character. And the way he shows Sheila being a little childish. I think the image created at the beginning of the play, about the Birling family is that it show they are a rich/middle class (or well off) family that just like too have a good time with each other. I think they are mainly rich because of the words they use, to a certain extent posh words and also they speak to each other with respect. They may also look rich because they had a servant, but in those days this may have been not too rare, because then the laws were incredibly different. We will write a custom essay on The inspectors arrival specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now At the beginning of the play Priestley represents Sheila too be in a relatively happy mood, this is because she just got engaged.  Also before the inspectors arrives it is revealed that Priestley has presented Sheila is a way that she used to use a sarcastic tone of voice, but at the same time a little caring, loving and from time to time childish.  Go on Gerald just you object. This quotation shows Sheila being a little dominant, it shows her wanting her own way and this is one of the reasons she is childish. I think Sheila mainly acts childish because she had everything made in her life she did not have too work hard for anything, she was very spoilt. Oh its wonderful! Look mummy isnt it a beauty? Oh darling  Also some other proof of her being childish is because she keeps on saying mummy, whereas another adult would either say mum or mother. That is how I think of it now, but in those days it might just have been different, because language has changed a lot over the years.  Although Sheila acts like this, it may not be her fault entirely. This is because its just like in any other family, people tease each other and sometimes lose thei   temper. Her behaviour was like this before, however when the inspector is at their house Sheila behaviour changes completely. Her behaviour changes but not right away, because first she may have just thought it was a local visit about an enquiry. But slightly later she realises its not and becomes a little more interested and stern. This at firstly may have only been because the inspectors visit was an important one, to do with the entire family. Although later she find out she is one of the main reason the inspector is there. After she realises this her attitude, behaviour and self-recognition changes. Priestley presents her being a little more serious and up to date. This mainly happens when the inspector shows her a picture of Eva Smith. When she sees the photograph she is very shocked, she starts crying and runs out of the room. This shows Priestley wanted us to think that she can get somewhat emotional and cannot deal with any real problems. When she sees this picture she feels fairly miserable right away. .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 , .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 .postImageUrl , .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 , .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670:hover , .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670:visited , .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670:active { border:0!important; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670:active , .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670 .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9fb31de97ebc0747cf83db9af9d5670:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Because I Could Not Stop For Death EssayAfter this dramatic scene Priestley starts to expose her in way that she is presented in a very sensible manner, he shows her being involved with the inspectors visit and engrossed in what everybody has done. It is now when her behaviour changes at its utter most. This is because she starts feeling very low and ashamed of herself, because she knows who the picture is of. Throughout the inspectors visit the mood and atmosphere changes vastly. This is because all the Birling family begin to get a little anxious to whats going to happen and also a little worried. This is because in their mind they all know what theyve done and why the inspector may be there. When the inspector is talking to the characters, they get more and more tense until the inspector reveals why he has dropped in on them. I think in this part of the play Priestley has used great theatrical techniques to influence the mood. An example of this is because he dramatically changes Sheilas mood and actions in a way that it doesnt happen right a way, it takes time for the audience to realise what has happen. Sheilas communications with the inspector reveal that she from time to time can get a little paranoid and does act a little childish, and also she always wants her own and is not willing to listen. She is also occasionally stubborn.  In this part of the play the tension just keeps on building up. This is largely because the audience is very apprehensive to whats going to happen. They want to know right away why the inspector is there, and who was to blame for the murder.  For the duration of the inspectors visit the secrets revealed about Sheila are that, she was one of the main characters to do with the murder query about Eva Smiths death. We find that Sheila was one of the main first causes of Evas death. She may be thinking to her self why she did what she did and also why her family did what they did. She would also feel really bad because the rest if the family especially Mr and Mrs Birling do not realise what bad things they have done and they not willing to be sorry for what they have done.  The stage directions at this point would for Sheila would be very different from the beginning. This is because Priestleys stage directions at this time would be very controlling because this is when most of the actions in the play go on. After the inspector has left, Priestley stills shows Sheila being very low and ashamed of herself. But now he also shows her being distressed. He shows her in a way that he makes her look very guilty, he makes it look like her guiltily conscience got the best of her, which is true. When he shows her like this, its gets the audience involved in the play, because it makes them feel awkward due to whats happening to Sheila. It makes them think if Sheila is a goodie or a baddie because they may think she was involved in the murder so it makes her a baddie but then again she learnt from her mistakes, and in away suffered herself, so this makes her goodie. I think the way Priestley has done this is very powerful because it makes the audience think, and its not even a question. I personally think Sheila is not very bad because she has learnt from her mistakes. A quotation to show this is:  I behaved badly too. I know I did. Im ashamed of it. This shows she recognizes her mistakes and has learnt from them and she is will to change her way of life. To be more pleasant to other people. .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b , .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b .postImageUrl , .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b , .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b:hover , .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b:visited , .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b:active { border:0!important; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b:active , .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u64fdb1723dcafb1aaae6d7f421c2ac7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing poems EssayI think Priestley portrays Sheila like this because he wants everybody to know she is a 3 dimensional character, and not just a made up sham.  He may also show her like this because it makes the play more interesting, because in this way not everybody in the play is the same type of person.  Priestley leaves us with the thoughts that it makes no real difference to Sheila that the inspector may just be a hoax. Priestly shows us that she has learnt her lesson and will change her attitude and conduct to others. She has learnt to take responsibility for others and will be different in the future.

The Nature and Purpose of an Organizations Vision Essay

The Nature and Purpose of an Organizations Vision Essay The Nature and Purpose of an Organizations Vision – Essay Example ï » ¿The Nature and Purpose of an Organization’s Vision 1. What is meant in Porter’s Five Forces Model by competitive pressure coming from suppliers? What are the market conditions that could create an opportunity in this area? What will make this an opportunity? Competitive press pressure from suppliers is known as â€Å"supplier power† and generally speaks to the fact that industry or businesses require inputs of raw materials such as labor, parts, or other supplies. Accordingly, there are relationships between companies that offer goods and services and the suppliers of raw materials. Supplier power occurs when suppliers are able to exert pressure on markets to increase costs to manufacturers. The market conditions contributing to such power include; times when there is a threat of forward integration by suppliers (when the supplier can acquire the distributor or compete directly), times when suppliers are concentrated into just a few firms (like the pharmaceutical industry), if conditions exist where there is a high cost to switch suppliers (say, if Apple stopped making Mac computers), or there is a powerful customer base (like boycotts). The opportunity in this market (if you are a supplier) is to raise prices to capture some of t he industry profits from wholesalers, or increase R&D to forward integrate into a direct competition with wholesalers. 2.Describe the nature and purpose of an organization’s vision? What impact should a vision have on the remaining parts of the strategic process? Organizational vision is the primary driver for the firm’s existence. In the form of a mission statement or vision statement, the company sets forth its values, the things the company wants to achieve, and the things management sees as future opportunities for the organization. The vision is vital to the strategic process as it frames the company’s strategic objectives and provides measurable goals and metrics. These will involve things like guiding the company’s position within its competitive market by establishing metrics such as the organization’s reputation (customer service), its penetration (market share), or its product and service bundle (quality). 3.What is meant by a balanced scorecard? How would you use such a scorecard to address both short and long-term outcomes? A balanced scorecard is when management has set the financial performance goals and the strategic performance goals in conjunction with each other. Financial performance is measured internally, e.g., ratios, profits, and operating costs, and strategic performance goals are measured externally, e.g., market share, competitive strength, and market penetration. These goals are set within time parameters to provide benchmarks in both the short- and long-term. The balanced scorecard is used to address outcomes by looking at both financial and strategic metrics in combination. Focusing solely on financial performance causes the company to become insular and it is likely to miss opportunity. Focusing solely on strategic position can create disaster if the company is losing money and management does not take steps to correct the conditions. When both of these elements are being utilized, the company has maximum opportunity for success. 4.How would you define what constitutes effectiveness of an existing strategy? What tools or processes would you use to evaluate such effectiveness? How would you use them? Simply stated, the definition of an effective strategy is one that works, i.e., one that accomplishes the vision of management. The determination of what â€Å"works† is the reason that companies develop evaluation tools so that management can understand where it is in terms of both market performance and industry benchmarks. The process flow for good evaluation involves five steps: 1. Establish exactly what key indicators are going to be measured. 2. Establish the desired values for these indicators. 3. Measure the indicators defined. 4. Compare the measured indicators with the desired values set forth. 5. Change internal processes or external focus to bring the company in line with the desired values. These are used by applying the process to any specific aspect of the vision. For example, if the vision is to be the cost leader in a market, the key indicators may be the competitor’s pricing, and the desired value for the company would be set at a point where it is lower than the competitor’s but still profitable. Management would then measure the indicators to see if the pricing was set correctly. If, for example, management found that its price was profitable but exactly the same as the competition, it would adjust its pricing points lower to increase volume and profits. 5.Under what conditions would a Broad-Differentiated strategy be most appropriate? How would the organization have to operate to execute this strategy? This strategy, which seeks to provide a very unique product to all segments of the market, is appropriate when the company has the opportunity to convince customers that its uniqueness is a superior quality, and that the price is justified. The conditions for propriety of executing this strategy include; having access to new information with an emphasis on R&D, a strong creative pool for product design, a strong sales and marketing department that can effectively demonstrate the strengths of the product, as well as a good corporate reputation for quality (and innovation).

The Breakup of the Eurozone is inevitable within the next five years Essay

The Breakup of the Eurozone is inevitable within the next five years. Discuss - Essay Example Countries in the Euro zone are restrained from pursuing their self- interest by mutually respecting each other’s sovereignty and independence rights. However, Euro zone must adhered to EMU operating principles. Good governance must be practice at all transactions to avoid future crisis2. January 1, 1999 saw the official launch of the Economic and Monitory Union (EMU). On that day, eleven European countries joined the EMU and five more followed suit years later. Now, EMU is comprised of sixteen member European countries. The first to join were Austria, Belgium, Germany, France, Ireland, Italy, Finland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Luxembourg, and Spain. Greece followed in 2001, then Slovenia in 2007 while Cyprus and Malta joined in 2008. The last to join was Slovakia in 2009. EMU countries adopted Euro as a single currency for transaction purposes. The chief reasons that lead to EMU were mainly to stabilize prices, macroeconomic environment, banking system, financial markets as well as increase trade competitiveness and boost flexibility in the member countries3. Before and after the official launch, different people had different views concerning the sustainability of the Euro Zone especially on areas of viability and desirability. Supporters of EMU claimed that commo n currency has the potential to improve trade, attract more foreign direct investment, stabilize wages and enhance business strategies of member countries. On the contrary, they are opponents who predict that Euro zone is heading for a disaster4. They pegged their arguments on the premise that countries in the Euro Zone are diverse and put individual interest forward at the expense of the EMU. There are benefits and costs associated with Economic and Monitory Union. If costs are more than benefits, EMU may not survive in future and if vice versa, union will endure the test of time. The first advantage is that common currency reduces costs

How do relationships affect an organization In what ways are they Personal Statement

How do relationships affect an organization In what ways are they positive in terms of efficiency - Personal Statement Example The same applies to a soccer team that wins the trophy at the end of the derby. Achieving desirable results when many characters are involved all boils down to creating an effective team. An unfortunate scenario where workers do not understand or relate well with one another could be termed as poor social working environment. An organization housing such irregularities would soon plunge into great debts and losses unless there is some divine- economic intervention. A real socially functional working environment is not achievable by instinct but by practise. For workers to know each other well, it is the prerogative of the management to engage them in team building activities and cooperation and co-ordination workshops all through in the life of the company (Reis & Leukefeld, 1998). In conclusion to have an effective team, employees must learn to relate well with one another. It goes a long way in minimizing conflict between workers so that more time is saved, and less energy is applied in carrying out tasks. This kind of efficiency ultimately translates to increased

Segregation of Church and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Segregation of Church and State - Essay Example r, p. 2-6).At present the separation of church and state1 is a predominant rule of United State's government and some other democracies. It tries to defend religious liberty and to avert unfairness or elimination on the basis of religion. In the United States, the partition of church and state has roots in the First Amendment to the Constitution. Additionally,The amendment maintains that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. " Courts have ruled that this amendment prohibits government from assisting an official or favored religion, or hindering with the practice of belief. (Hamburger, p. 21-89) Furthermore, various other countries, counting Australia, France, with Japan, also back division of church and state. Several countries, for instance the United Kingdom, continue separation in some regions but distinguish particular religions as reputable (national) churches.

Marketing of Barcelonas Tourism Industry

Marketing of Barcelonas Tourism Industry

The Madina Collection of Islamic Art at the LACMA Essay example -- ess

The Madina Collection of Islamic Art at the LACMA Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) announced recently that it had acquired â€Å"the remarkable Madina Collection of Islamic art. The collection contains works of various media dating from the late 7th through 19th centuries from the vast areas that comprise the Islamic world, from Southern Spain to Central Asia† (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2005). While the museum already had quite an extensive collection of Islamic art, this particular exhibit truly adds the collections as a whole. The Madina Collection of Islamic Art   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first item to be examined is a bowl from the 14th century, from either Egypt or Syria (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2005). It is ceramic, fritware and is underglazed-painted (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2005). It is 10 and  ¾ inches in diameter. The design is very symmetrical and incredibly colorful in its green and cream along with black lines. Without knowing what the design symbolizes one could imagine that it is very much an Islamic design, and appears to be religious or spiritual in content. There is a Mandela presence to the design, with very strong lines and striking elements. http://collectionsonline.lacma.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record&key=8533   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next piece to be examined is cup from the 13th century, from Greater Iran. This cup is â€Å"Silver, gilded, chased and punched† and measures â€Å"3 7/8 x 4 5/8 in. (9.84 x 11.75 c...

Death and Life †Tuesdays with Morrie Essay

Nagel wrote: â€Å"everybody dies, but not everybody agrees about what death is.† In this chapter, Death, Nagel explains some of the beliefs people have about death. One of his points was survival after death. Nagel said that if dualism is true we can understand how life after death might be possible. Each person would consist of a soul and a body, and the soul would have to be able to leave the body and function on its own. If dualism is not true, then life after death could not exist because mental processes go in the brain which depend on the rest of the body. Nagel believes that life after death might be tangible if dualism is true. Nagel asserts that death, the most terrifying of things, is nothing to us. Since as long as we exist, death is not with us; but when death comes, then we do not exist. It does not then concern either the living or the dead. He explained that death can be considered a negative evil because when a person dies, their lives end. This means that there is nothing left; no love, work, food, clothing, cars or anything else. When Nagel says death has no value, positive or negative, he means to the person who has died. One’s death can clearly have value to others, negative to one’s family and friends, positive to one’s enemies or those who profit from it. Nagel also explained that anything that is bad for someone-must be bad for that person at a particular time. There is no time at which death is bad for the one who dies. Death is not bad for someone before he dies; it is not bad for her once he dies, because from that point on she no longer exists. Nagel makes a good point when he said: â€Å"the fact that all good things in life come to an end is reason for regret.† Some people want more to enjoy in their lives. Others are terrified of death, so they live in fear, not living life to the fullest. He said that it is scary to think that when a person dies, the world with go on without them and they will become nothing. PART 2 I watched the film Tuesdays with Morrie that is pertinent to Chapter 9, Death, in Nagel’s book. The movie could also relate to Chapter 10, The Meaning of Life. I read the book Tuesdays with Morrie long ago and I also recently watched the movie. Mitch Albom is the author of the book and one of the main characters in the movie. Mitch is a newspaper columnist who is dedicated to his work and himself. Mitch spent almost all of his time working which caused him to realize what was really important in his life. Since Mitch spent so much time working, his relationship with his girlfriend Janine suffered. Mitch came across his favorite college professor, Morrie, when he was watching a TV interview. Morrie was dying from Lou Gehrig disease. When Mitch seen this, he begins to feel guilty because he promised to keep in touch with Morrie after graduation, but never did. Now that Mitch knows that Morrie is sick and does not have that much time left, Mitch wants to see his beloved professor. Mitch went out to Massachusetts to visit Morrie which led to the two meeting regularly, every Tuesday. For being sick, Morrie was extremely optimistic. Morrie wanted to spend the last months of his life teaching the world about life through TV interviews. Mitch and Morrie talk about life, everything in it and death. Mitch and Morrie talk about Mitch’s brother, Peter, who has cancer. Peter does not want anyones help or sympathy because of his sickness. Mitch tries to call Peter and he does not want to talk to Mitch. Morrie tells Mitch that soon the two brothers will be able to talk about it. Mitch learns how to better himself through his Tuesdays with Morrie. Mitch learns that there is more to life then just work, how to relate with Janine and how to deal with grief and fear. Each Tuesday we notice Morrie’s health declining. At their last meeting, Morrie was bed ridden. As Mitch and Morrie hugged each other the last time, Morrie notices that Mitch is crying. After Morrie dies, Mitch tries having a conversation with Morrie, as he had wanted. Mitch feels a certain naturalness and comfort to this conversation and realizes that it happens to be Tuesday. After Morrie’s death, Mitch and his brother Peter begin to talk again. Morrie talks to Mitch about learning to accept death. One of the phrases that really stood out to me that Morrie said was â€Å"once you learn how to die, you learn how to live.† Morrie feels that people refuse to believe, or think, that they will die, which leads to not living life to the fullest extent. Most people put death in the back of their minds, thinking it will never happen to them. Like Morrie says we live life sleepwalking, never fully awake or aware which is how most people live their lives, like Mitch did. Morrie also talks about regrets; as people age and become closer to death, they start to regret more things. Like Nagel, Morrie knows that once we fully accept that we will someday die, we learn to live our lives the way we wish without any regrets. Morrie came to terms with the fact that he knew he was going to die, and he wanted to make the best of his life. Mitch seen that Morrie was very sick and began to regret that he broke his promise to stay in contact with Morrie. Although Mitch did feel guilty, he probably would not have even remembered his professor if he did not see the interview since Mitch was so caught up in himself and his work. If the circumstances were different, and Morrie was not dying, would Mitch still have went and seen Morrie or did Mitch feel rushed because Morrie’s time was running out? Mitch met with Morrie and seen the positive way that Morrie was living his last few months, even though Morrie knew he was dying. Mitch realizes that through Morrie’s death he has learned how to fully live his life. PART 3 I do believe that the information in Nagel’s book is much deeper then popular culture point of view. We all know that death is inevitable, and everyone has different opinions about it. Nagel states how a person handles death depends on their personal and/or religious beliefs. The grieving process is different for everyone; some may face the death with no problems and others sometimes never get over it. Nagel explained that people are often afraid of their own death. I thought that Nagel actually made me think about what death really is and means. Sometimes death can be hard to deal with but once we accept it, we can start living our lives the way we wish. For example, when a person with a terminal illness has a specific amount of time before their life will end, those people have the benefit of ‘making things right.’ This person can forgive those who have hurt them, say things that need to be said, spend time with loved ones or do things that they have always wanted to do, if possible. On the other hand, a person who dies suddenly does not have the opportunity to possibly right their wrongs. The person with a terminal illness has been given an advantage over the person who has a sudden death. In popular culture people view death as a grim, sad thing. Whenever we see death in the news, media or experience it ourselves, it is often considered to be tragic or a great loss. In popular culture, death is the one thing that everyone has in common. We always see celebrities in the news or media that have died. It seems as if the death of these noticed people are always big, like Whitney Houston or Michael Jackson. The death of my grandmother or grandfather would not make the news, though each death is truly a sad thing. Just as Nagel said, when someone dies the world does not stop, it keeps going. We still must learn how to cope and manage our sadness. Yes, death can be seen as a sad thing when you loose a loved one because you wish you could have more time with them. Maybe death is a sad thing because the deceased had suffered. Death can also be seen as a relief to the family of the person who had suffered, so they are no longer suffering. As Morrie and Nagel said, once a person accepts death is when we begin to live our lives the way we want to.

To what extent were black oppo essays

To what extent were black oppo essays To what extent were black opposition groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, responsible for the suppression of the black civil rights movement between 1865-1980? After the 13th Amendment in 1865 the black civil rights movement began. As they were no longer slaves they fought for the rights that should be given to any citizen of the United States of America. The constitution states that all men are created equal but this was not the case as a combination of factors lead to the suppression of the civil rights movement. As soon as they started fighting for rights, groups emerged to oppose them, as Einsteins theory of relativity says, For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction. These groups used different methods to achieve their goals. The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK, used intimidatory tactics to make blacks do what they wanted, whereas political movements such as the Know Nothing Party tried to turn the rest of the population against them. They were originally effective, but in the end just seemed to give more resolution to the civil rights movement. More importantly was the socio-political climate of the US at this time as discrimina tion against blacks was very deep seated and political parties did nothing to help blacks. Also the state legislatures were given too much power by the federal government so they could enforce their own racist laws, the Jim Crowe laws, at their own discretion. Finally, the lack of unity in the blacks civil rights movement, which is probably the most important factor, meant that they were pulling in different directions, rather than all pushing in the same one. The conflicts within the movement were always there and meant that there were never huge amounts of sustained pressure, which was what was needed to enforce changes. The Ku Klux Klan had three main periods of influence and had varying degrees of success in each. They first came into being in 1865 an...

Prejudice1 essays

Prejudice1 essays Although the fight to stop racism has made huge strides since thirty years ago, racism is still alive and well today. Racism has become such a deep-rooted part of society that it often goes unnoticed in our everyday lives. In Brent Staples Just Walk on By: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space," and Austin Clarkes A Stranger in a Strange Land, both authors speak of how they deal with the burdens borne by someone who sees himself or herself and is seen by others, as an outsider. Although both Staples and Clarke face this problem, the two respond to the dilemmas they face in different ways. By engaging in simple tasks such as taking a late night stroll, Staples automatically becomes subject to others racism and fear. His everyday life is under continuous scrutiny by a white society that both fears and misunderstands him. Staples introduces the very extent to which society fears black people in the first sentence. On a late night saunter, his " first victim [is] a woman - white, well dressed, probably in her early twenties." Fortunately, in reality, the woman is not the victim of any black on white racial violence; but, unfortunately, Staples is the victim of white racist presumptions about his character, that are based solely on the colour of his skin. This incident makes him realize he has the ability to alter public space in ugly ways; sadly however, it is only the beginning of Staples encounters with a predominantly white society and their racial stereotypes. Staples realizes that women have a right to be weary of men while they are alone at night; however, he takes no solace against the kind of alienation that comes of being ever the suspect. Somehow, despite all the animosity Staples faces, he consciously, or perhaps unconsciously decides that he will remain a shadow timid, but a survivor. He figures it will b...

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 8 - Essay Example (New World Encyclopaedia) EPA is the most comprehensive regulatory agency for environmental concerns. There are several legislations such as Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, United Nations Environment Programme, Energy Policy Act etc. for tackling the environmental issues. Climate change is caused due to imbalance between the incoming solar radiation and the outgoing heat of the earth. Human influences, Orbital variations, Solar Output, Volcanism, Plate tectonics and Ocean variability are the causes of climate change. Climate change can be prevented from reaching dangerous levels by reducing emissions through efficiency, substitution and sequestration. Conservation of energy, habitat, water, wetland, wildlife, marine life and soil helps restore ecological balance. The costs associated with loss of biodiversity is high and can lead to deteriorating ecological balance, hence sustainable development and consumption can help to conserve biodiversity. Non-Point Source Pollution is the sour ce of water problems and to mitigate this we must achieve zero discharge of pollutants as per the Clean Water’s Act.

Codes of Conduct for Lawyers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Codes of Conduct for Lawyers - Essay Example sts a future use of the ABA Model for, â€Å"†¦may be consulted for guidance in interpreting and applying the Nevada rules† (Comparison of Rules p.1 2007). The additions and subtractions of the ABA Model by Nevada might be construed as nominal in numbers but the changes are constant throughout the â€Å"Nevada Rules†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and are strikingly unique’ in more than one instance. (2) To prevent the client from committing a criminal or fraudulent act in furtherance of which the client has used or is using the lawyer’s services, but the lawyer shall, where practicable, first make reasonable effort to persuade the client to take suitable action (ABA Model vis-avis NRPC 2007) (c) A lawyer shall reveal information relating to the representation of a client to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to prevent a criminal act that the lawyer believes is likely to result in reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm. (NRPC 2007) By comparison, the operative words are, â€Å"A lawyer may reveal information†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the case of the ABA Model and â€Å"A lawyer shall reveal information†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the case of the Nevada Code of Conduct. The difference is clear: Nevada puts the responsibility directly on counsel’s shoulders, under an order â€Å"shall†, for responsibility directly related to ineffective action or inaction from counsel when counsel has knowledge that results in the prescribed outcomes of a client’s representation found in paragraph (c ). The ABA makes no demonstrative statement to counsel’s responsibility but infers a passionate and ethical response by counsel â€Å"may† without providing for possible responsibility of ineffective action or inaction of client

The impact of oil price change on USs economy Research Paper

The impact of oil price change on USs economy - Research Paper Example An increase of 54% in the prices of crude oil in 2011 would lead to a double recession in the U.S. This paper aims at examining how shocks of oil prices in the past have impacted the U.S. economy, and makes predictions on how the economy will do in light of the recent oil prices. Using the methodology of forecasting from Hamilton (2008) with time analysis, the paper will use the impulse response functions from the prices of oil to predict the response of GDP. The literature review will be used to describe how oil is an integral part of the economy, and how recessions and oil shocks have coincided ever since World War II. The paper will point out the disagreements in the literature about the impacts of oil shocks on the U.S. economy as well as the asymmetry of price increases and price decreases. According to Hamilton (2010) when an embargo on oil was instituted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) the global supply of oil fell by 7.5%. The 1973 oil crisis effects were far reaching. According to Forrester (1984), the U.S set the target of reducing the consumption of oil by 25% at that time led by Richard Nixon. A country wide speed limit of 55 miles per hour was temporarily passed by the congress, and this continues until 1988 (Frum, 2010). The use of Christmas trees was banned in Oregon State (Frum, 2010). Many gas stations in the U.S were shut down as a result of insufficient oil supply, as many other gas stations rationed the gasoline supply (Hamilton, 2010). The American lifestyle was threatened by the Middle East instability which had a huge effect on the American people (Dahl, 2003). As a result of the political turmoil in Libya in 2011, the prices of crude oil went up to two and a half year high. As the issue was addressed by the U.S president, it became clear that, the U.S used 7% less oil in 2011 than in 2005, but still depends on the foreign oil. According to the U.S. imports over 55% of crude oil from outside.

Environmental Engineer Essay Example for Free

Environmental Engineer Essay For an Environmental Engineer, it is very important to know the jurisdiction that one will be working in. Not only is thorough knowledge of the natural characteristics such as geological and meteorological aspects of the jurisdiction to scientifically cater to the unique environmental concerns of a certain area, but it is also essential that one also knowledge of the social and judicial aspects of the jurisdiction for easier cooperation with the citizens and more efficient applications of environmental impact assessments and mitigations or development of environmental policy and regulation, for example. The Northwest Territories and Nunavut are unique in many aspects that concern Environmental Engineering practice. In general, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are already geared towards environmental safety, conservation, and regulation. For example, in the Northwest Territories, programs are already in place to ensure sustainability of forest use, regulation of wildlife protection and use, etc. In Nunavut, their Department of Environment actively apply what they call Avatittinnik Kamatsiarniq, or environmental stewardship, to conserve their vast natural resources and promote sustainability, a principle that is based on the Inuit culture and must be respected by any Environmental Engineer who plans to practice in that territory. In fact, one must have good knowledge of that culture as the Inuit populace of Nunavut make up the majority of the demographic and thus their culture and belief system have a great influence on governmental policies, considering that the self-governing system of the Inuit is unique to Nunavut and issues such as land claims are a constant concern. Similarly, the agencies of the Northwest territories also make use of the traditional knowledge of the Inuit concerning the natural resources and the relationship between man and environment. As North American Indians comprise the majority of the population in the Northwest Territories, they appreciate the value of this knowledge and these are taken into consideration in the making of public policies which include environmental engineering law. To work in the Northwest Territories, one must be aware of programs such as the NWT Protected Areas Strategy, that utilizes a community-based process as it makes sure to respect Aboriginal rights to balance conservation and economic development. The programs already in place and the social set-up of the jurisdiction are only part of the concerns of an Environment Engineer, of course the physical aspects of the territories are also important. The weather is an important part of the culture of the Aboriginal people, not only are the weather extremes (such as the record-breaking Arctic heat in Nunavut) and the natural hazards serious concerns, climate change is also a much monitored phenomenon. The geological makeup and position of Nunavut and the Northwest territories make them very vulnerable to climate change effects, such as the possible melting of permafrost. In the Northwest Territories, their use of their abundant mineral resources have caused a great strain in the environment such as the giant earth scars left by diamond mines or the hazardous tailings pond spills, and the Environmental Engineer should not only be aware of these for future mining operations but could also work together with other agencies to alleviate these prior issues. Furthermore, the geology of Nunavut can span most of Earths history with great economic potential yet it is still very underdeveloped, and yet, they are actively advertising extreme sports tourism which could cause environmental as well as safety concerns. In all, there is a balance in the naturalistic Aboriginal-based society and community and the raw environment of this jurisdiction that gives the Environmental Engineer a unique practice.

Procurement Methods for Design and Construction

Procurement Methods for Design and Construction 1.0 Introduction A client brief has been provided for the development of a new facility in the University of Salford. In this report, a review will be carried out based on the requirements of the client in the brief and critically analyse the potential procurement methods for both the design and construction of the project. Recommendations for the appropriate procurement route and forms of contract supporting by detailed reasons will be suggested in the report. The Client, The University of Salford, is aspiring to become an outstanding University renowned for the quality of its engagement, humanity, global reach and leadership in research, innovation and education. Strategic plan has been developed to achieve the Universitys goal which is to be ranked amongst the very best of UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017. To achieve this objective, the School of the Built Environment is intended to develop a new facility within the university campus. The building is to be a prestigious and high aesthetic facility which will replace an older building in the university. The new proposed building will contain facilities listed as below: State of the art lecture theatres Meeting rooms Extensive classroom and studio facilities Office accommodation Laboratory accommodation Learning Resource Units External works In addition, the Client requires the new facility to be carbon neutral to be in accordance with the University policy. Furthermore, the Client has allocates a budget of  £ 20 million to cover the total development cost of the project. This cost will include construction works, external works, statutory and professional fees. This proposed building must be completed and handover by 1st of August 2012. The completion date is critical as the facility must be ready for the new academic year. In short, the Clients key requirements and objectives of this new build building are listed as follows: New university facility which will realise the Universitys goal to become a high reputable and internationally renowned university. The facility is to be constructed in highest aesthetic and qualitative standards. The budget of the project is  £ 20 million. The construction time is important as the building is needed by 1st of August 2012 at the very latest. To carry out the construction works of this new facility, the Client needs to understand the various procurement methods available for the project. Hence, this report will analyse the key procurement issues for the Client to consider. 2.0 Procurement Assessment Criteria (PAC) Turner (1990) says that ‘the procurement route that is appropriate to the overall balance of objectives and to client priorities for each project should arise from those objectives and priorities. There are several procurement assessment criteria being set as a guide to choose the appropriate method of procurement: Time Complexity Quality Cost Risk Flexibility In this case, three main criteria which are time, cost and quality will be focused and assessed in the following sections for this particular project to find the most suitable procurement route that balance between these three criteria. Figure 2.1: The balance of time, cost and quality 3.0 Traditional Procurement The traditional system, probably the most commonly adopted procurement strategy in UK, sometimes referred as ‘design-bid-build method. This is because the traditional route separates the responsibility for the design of the project from its construction with a ‘tendering period (Cooke Williams, 2009). Initially, the client appoints consultants for design and for cost control and contract administration of the project. After the design is completed, the tender stage starts by using two stage tendering or negotiation to appoint a contractor for the project. The appointed contractor will then enters into a direct contract with the client and responsible to build and deliver the project. The organizational structure of traditional procurement is shown in Figure 3.1. In addition, due to the design must be completed before the tender stage, the cost of construction can be determined with reasonable certainty before the construction commences on site (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi , 2006). Client Consultant Contractor QS, structural engineer Architect Subcontractor Supplier Figure 3.1: Traditional procurement (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) The traditional procurement is commonly used because of its particular advantages. These advantages are listed as follows: The design is complete before tendering ensures price certainty for the client. The design does not substantially change during construction therefore contract variations can be kept to a minimum. The client able to have direct influence and retains control over the design team, thus quality in the design can be assured. Detailed information such as drawings and Bills of Quantities provide a common basis for tendering and evaluation is relatively easy. The procedures are well known and enabling confidence to be assured in parties which involved throughout the process. Variations and contract changes are relatively easy to handle. Firm contractual date for completion. While this procurement route has its advantages, there are also criticisms. The main disadvantages are: The duration of project may be longer than other procurement methods as the strategies is sequential and construction cannot be commenced before the completion of design. A longer duration of project may make the cost of project higher because of the increased period of interim financing charges and interim payment to the contractor and consultants. These may cause the cost of project exceeds the clients budget. All the design risk is carried by the client. The contractor has no input into the design and planning of the project. The sequential nature of this system can result in poor communication between the client and the project team and can be cause of expensive disputes. 3.1 Cost By adapting this method of procurement, the cost is agreed as a lump sum fixed price between the University and the contractor thus provides overall cost certainty for the University before the construction commences on site. Besides, the project cost can be estimated, monitored and controlled by the Clients cost consultant during the whole project period and therefore large cost overruns will not occur which is an important advantage to the Client. In addition, traditional method could provide the Client value of money. As explained before, since the design stage is completed before the construction, the design and cost consultant team of the Client will corporate to ensure the design is value for money. 3.2 Time With this procurement route, as the design is carried out before the tender process, the length of time spent to develop the design and prepare the tender documents by the consultant team can be very long. This process tends to prevent the construction works to be started on site. In fact, traditional procurement is identified as the slowest method of procurement compare to others. Hence, this is a disadvantage for this new university facility project as the date of completion is critical. 3.3 Quality The traditional procurement provides the high degree of certainty that the quality and aesthetic standards will be met (Masterman, 2002). This is because the University can select the most appropriate design team for this project to complete the design before the tender stage. During the design stage, the University has direct control and influence over the design therefore can ensure the high aesthetic and quality standards for the new facility are fulfilled. 4.0 Design and build Procurement Ashworth (2006) defined design and build as ‘a procurement arrangement where one single entity or consortium is contractually responsible to the client for both the design and construction of the project. In other words, under a design and build strategy, a single contractor takes the risk and responsibility for designing and building the project. The client will employ a design team to carry out some preliminary design or scheme design. The client will then appoint a contractor to assume the responsibility for the design as well as the construction process. The contractor needs to develop the scheme design to a detailed design. Figure 4.1 illustrates the relationships between the parties that involved in the project. In this method of procurement, the construction can start before the detailed design is completed, but at the contractors risk (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). In practice, design and build procurement consist of a range of variable. The two common variants of this type of procurement are client-led design and build and contractor-led design and build. Client Architect or QS advisers Contractor Subcontractor Suppliers Architect and other designers Figure 4.1: Design and build (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) In client-led design and build, also known as develop and construct, a small number of contractors will be invited to tender for the project when the design is virtually completed possibly with full bills of quantities or notional bills. In this procurement route, study of Cooke Williams (2009) indicates that the client is fully involved in the design development and therefore the design risk is taken fully by the client as the contractor has little involvement to the fundamental design. Additionally, the client will be responsible for all design fees from start to ends of the project. There is an alternative to this method which is a popular practice in the construction industry. Once the contract has been awarded, the design team including the clients architect and other members of the design team will be novated to the contractor. In other words, the contractual obligation to complete the detail aspect of design is legally passed over to the contractor. In this way, the client wi ll maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will be responsible to the continuing design fees and the entire design (Cooke Williams, 2009). On the other hand, in contractor-led design and build, the client may provide minimal information in the outline brief to the contractor. Thus, the contractor is fully responsible for the conceptual and detailed design. As a result, the contractor has to produce a building which meets the clients requirement. In this situation, the contractor takes all of the responsibilities, risks and rewards of design. The contractor may provide an in-house design facility or engage independent design teams (Cooke Williams, 2009). It is preferable to appoint a design team coordinator to ensure the flow of information between the design team and the project team. The main advantages of design and build procurement are listed as follows: The client has only to deal with one firm since the contractor provides single-point responsibility for design and construction. Price certainty is obtained before the commencement of construction works provided the clients requirements are adequately specified and changes are not introduced. The total cost of project is usually lesser than other types of procurement systems. The overall project period is reduced because of overlapping activities as construction can be started before the design is completed. Despite its advantages, design and build has many arguments among the practitioners and client of the industry. The drawbacks of this procurement method are: Tender bids are difficult to compare since each design will be different result in different project time and prices. The tender period and negotiation tends to be much longer Changes of client to project scope can be expensive. No guarantee in terms of design and quality because has less control over this aspect. The client may find difficult in preparing an adequate and sufficiently comprehensive brief. 4.1 Cost The design and build approach enables the contractor to be more positive about the final cost to the Client at an earlier stage (Masterman, 2002). The price would be agreed between the Client and the contractor before construction commences on site. Besides, the initial cost and final cost of using this procurement system are usually lower than other procurement approaches. This is mainly because of the reduction in design costs and the integration of design and construction process. However, value for money is difficult to assess in this type of procurement. This is because there is usually limited information available at the tender stage, not to mention there are different methods, designs and services can be offered by the contractor. As a result, the Client may not be able to judge the efficiency of the design. 4.2 Time The specialty of this procurement route is that the contractor is responsible for both design and construction. Therefore, it allows the overlap of design and construction phases thus reduce the overall project period. This would be an advantage for the University because it ensures the construction works of the new facility can be commenced early. According to Masterman (2002), design and build projects have a better record in terms of completion on time. Hence, the University would be able to have the new building ready for new academic year by using this method of procurement. 4.3 Quality This method of procurement would not be a suitable procurement for this high aesthetic and quality standards project. Design and build is belief that most suitable for simple uncomplicated project which the aesthetic and quality of the project is low. The reason for this is that the contractor is responsible to develop the detailed design of the project. In some circumstances, inevitably the contractor will economise the cost of design to boost the profit margins which will caused a negative effect on the project quality. Additionally, in a design and build project, if the Client unable to provide a satisfactory brief, it is possible result in the Clients functional and quality requirements being unsatisfied. 5.0 Management Procurement 5.1 Management Contracting In this procurement strategy, a management contractor is engaged by the client to manage a number of work package subcontractors in return for a fee. Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the management contractor has direct contractual links with all of the subcontractors and carries the responsibility for the construction works without actually carrying out that work. In this method of procurement, the works are let in forms of work package and subcontractors will bids competitively for each work package to obtain the work. The relationship between the parties in management contracting is shown in Figure 5.1.1. Client Consultants Contractor QS, structural engineer Architect Work contractor Figure 5.1.1: Management contracting (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) Management contracting is a ‘fast track strategy says Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006). The work package approach allows the maximum overlap design and construction activities. In more general terms, provided that the work package is completed, the subcontractor may starts works on site before all of the design works are completed. Therefore, the overall project period can be reduced. Due to the nature of this type of procurement, cost certainty cannot be achieved until all packages of work is tendered and let. Hence, strict control of the work package budget is essential for the success of the project (Cooke Williams, 2009). In this strategy, the client reimburses the cost of the work packages to the appointed management contractor who will then pay the subcontractors. So, it is important to appoint the management contractor carefully and ensure that the management fee is appropriate. As the common characteristics of management contracting are previously described, the advantages of this procurement route can now identified: Overlapping of the design and construction processes tends to save time for the overall project thus enables earlier completion to be achieved. The nature of the procurement enables the contractor contribution to design and project planning. Changes can be accommodated provided that packages affected have not been let and there is little or no impact on those already let. Quality of the project can be assured as the design can be developed in stages and site supervisor can be appointed to ensure the quality standard is achieved. On the other hand, there are also weaknesses in this procurement method. The disadvantages are listed as follows: Poor price certainty at the early stage and the potential cost commitment depends on the design team estimates. The total cost of project is usually unknown until the project is well into the construction programme. The client must provide a good quality brief to the design team as the design will not be completed until the client has committed significant resources to the project. The client is responsible for the majority of the project risks. Damages of delay are difficult to pin on one subcontractor. 5.2 Construction Management Under a construction management strategy, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single main contractor. The client employs the design team and appoints a construction manager based on a negotiated fee simply to manage, programme and co-ordinate the design and construction activities carried out by the work package contractors. Unlike the management contracting, the each work package contractors have direct contractual link with the client and is paid directly by the client (see Figure 5.2.1). Client QS, structural engineer Architect Construction manager Trade contractor Trade contractor Figure 5.2.1: Construction management (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) The construction manager will provides professional construction expertise without assuming financial risk because there is no contractual link with design team or work package contractors. Hence, by using this procurement route, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the client has to be involved closely in the design and construction phases and take necessary actions based on the recommendations from the construction manager. Therefore, this method of procurement is not suitable for inexperienced client. It is recommended to use this procurement for large and complex project or a high degree of design innovation where the client wants deep involvement. Basically, the construction contracting has the similar advantages and disadvantages with the management contracting. Therefore, they will not discuss more in this section and please refer to the previous section if necessary. 5.3 Cost The uncertainty of price will be seen as a disadvantage for the management procurement system. However, the benefit of this ‘fast track strategy may result in cost savings and offsetting extra construction costs. Therefore, it could reduce the overall expense of the project. Besides, in this procurement, the cost of the project can be minimised by improving buildability and by work package contractors undertake the works at competitive prices. 5.4 Time For projects which need fast design and construction period, this would be the appropriate type of procurement to be used. The overlapping of design and construction phases will allows an early start of construction works on site and therefore saving in time can be achieved. Since the time of completion is an important issue in this project, the Client would be suggested to consider to adopting this procurement methods. 5.5 Quality Under this procurement route, the quality of the completed project can be achieved which fully meet the Clients needs provided that the design team is working closely with the management contractor on all aspect of the project to ensure he is fully aware of the design constraints as well as the Clients requirements. Besides, due to the management contractor is appointed at the early stage, he will be able to contribute his construction expertise to achieving an efficient quality standard for this project. 6.0 Justification of procurement strategy 6.1 Procurement Matrix After considering and evaluating the options of procurement available for the project, the most appropriate procurement system that suitable for the project can be selected. This can be achieved by assessing and setting the priorities of the project objectives in terms of time, quality and cost and the client attitude to risk. A universal procurement selection technique which is a procurement matrix is employed to help to select an appropriate procurement strategy for this particular project. The Universitys key objectives and requirements of this project are taken into account during the assessment. After completing this procurement matrix, the result shows that Management Contracting would be best suited procurement system for this new university facility project. Please see the attachment for the completed procurement matrix for this project. 6.2 Procurement strategy After a critical analysis of the procurement options as discussed above and completing the procurement matrix, the Management Contracting route is highly recommended to be adopted for this new build facility project. The reasons of this suggestion is being made are discussed as below. 6.2.1 Cost strategy In terms of cost issue, the Management Contracting probably is not the most recommended procurement systems compare to Traditional and Design and Build. This is because it is not the greatest at providing price certainty to ensure the budget of  £ 20 million can be met at the beginning of the project. However, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that this does not mean that the Client has less control over the project cost as strict supervision can be exerted over this aspect of the project. Due to that each package of work are being let by competition between contractors, the Client can monitor the cost closely and if necessary, adjust later work packages in order to cover any cost overruns in the previous work package. Furthermore, the University has to appoint the Management Contractor so that he can advise and contribute at the design process based on his professional expertise and carry out value engineering works to ensure the project is being built within the budget. 6.2.2 Time strategy The completion on time is a key requirement of this project. The Client has specifically required that the new facility must be completed on 1st August 2012. Under this circumstance, Management Contracting would be appropriate to meet the deadline. Due to the rapid progress of this procurement which provides overlapping of design and construction phases allows early commencement of works on site and therefore results in time saving. Moreover, the key strategy to ensure the project is completed on time is to make sure that all of the information from the design team is continuously issued on time to the Management Contractor and to ensure that the Management Contractor is always being updated. Hence, these could avoid any misunderstandings and delays during the construction works. Besides, the competency and experience of the Management Contractor will also ensure this ‘fast track procurement can be carried out efficiently. A high level of experience Management Contractor who familiar with this type of procurement route must be appointed so that the works on site are well manage and control throughout the whole process. 6.2.3 Quality strategy The Management Contracting would ensure the required high quality and aesthetic standards of this new build project can be successfully met. This is because this type of procurement method allows the Client to appoint and oversee the design team to develop detailed design which fulfills the specific requirements. Furthermore, to ensure the quality and aesthetic standards of this university facility are met, the Client has to make sure that the design team are aware and focus from the beginning of the project to develop the design based on these commitments. Additionally, all of the detailed drawings and specification produced by the design team must go into the contract between the Client and the Management Contractor so that the requirements of the Client are well informed thus can be managed efficiently the works on site to ensure the requirements are met. 7.0 Form of Contract A contract is defined by Cooke Williams (2009) as a means of formalising the relationship between the contracting parties in which the rights and obligations of the parties are agreed and the balance of risk between the parties established. The contracts also establish how administrative procedures and the serving of formal notices are to be conducted and mechanisms for dealing with contract payments, delays, compensation and disputes says Cooke. There are several of contracts produced by different bodies used in the construction industry but by far the JCT (Joint Contracts Tribunal) is the most popular forms of contract in use. Hence, the JCT 2005 Management Building Contract is recommended to be used in this project. The JCT 2005 Management Building Contract comprises (Hackett, Robinson Statham, 2007): Management Building Contract Management Works Contract Tender Agreement Management Works Contract Conditions Management Work Contract / Employer Agreement Under this forms of contract, the management contractor tenders on the basis of a management fee and the works contract are being let by separate packages when the design of those packages are developed (Cooke Williams, 2009). The management contractor is legally bound with these work package contractors under the Management Works Contract. In other words, the management contractor is responsible to manage the work package contractors. Moreover, during the design stages, the contract also requires the management contractor to cooperate with the consultant team such as architect, engineering and quantity surveyor. In addition, all necessary programmes for execution of the project which includes detailed construction programme are required to prepare by the management contractor (Cooke Williams, 2009). Under the contract, the management contractors duties include maintaining and regularly updating the detailed construction programme. 8.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the Management Contracting is the most suitable procurement route for this project. This procurement system allows the Client to design the new university facility according to his requirements and appoints the Management Contractor to manage the construction works on site. Using the Management Contracting, the price certainty can be achieved with close monitor of the cost of each work packages so that the building can be built within the budget of  £ 20 million. Furthermore, the advantage of this ‘fast track procurement method tends to meet the time of completion for this project. Last but not least, since this is a prestigious project, this type of procurement route ensure the high quality and aesthetic standards are met in accordance with the Clients requirements. With these, it is recommended for the University to adopt the Management Contracting as the method of procurement to maximise the success of the project. Procurement Methods for Design and Construction Procurement Methods for Design and Construction 1.0 Introduction A client brief has been provided for the development of a new facility in the University of Salford. In this report, a review will be carried out based on the requirements of the client in the brief and critically analyse the potential procurement methods for both the design and construction of the project. Recommendations for the appropriate procurement route and forms of contract supporting by detailed reasons will be suggested in the report. The Client, The University of Salford, is aspiring to become an outstanding University renowned for the quality of its engagement, humanity, global reach and leadership in research, innovation and education. Strategic plan has been developed to achieve the Universitys goal which is to be ranked amongst the very best of UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017. To achieve this objective, the School of the Built Environment is intended to develop a new facility within the university campus. The building is to be a prestigious and high aesthetic facility which will replace an older building in the university. The new proposed building will contain facilities listed as below: State of the art lecture theatres Meeting rooms Extensive classroom and studio facilities Office accommodation Laboratory accommodation Learning Resource Units External works In addition, the Client requires the new facility to be carbon neutral to be in accordance with the University policy. Furthermore, the Client has allocates a budget of  £ 20 million to cover the total development cost of the project. This cost will include construction works, external works, statutory and professional fees. This proposed building must be completed and handover by 1st of August 2012. The completion date is critical as the facility must be ready for the new academic year. In short, the Clients key requirements and objectives of this new build building are listed as follows: New university facility which will realise the Universitys goal to become a high reputable and internationally renowned university. The facility is to be constructed in highest aesthetic and qualitative standards. The budget of the project is  £ 20 million. The construction time is important as the building is needed by 1st of August 2012 at the very latest. To carry out the construction works of this new facility, the Client needs to understand the various procurement methods available for the project. Hence, this report will analyse the key procurement issues for the Client to consider. 2.0 Procurement Assessment Criteria (PAC) Turner (1990) says that ‘the procurement route that is appropriate to the overall balance of objectives and to client priorities for each project should arise from those objectives and priorities. There are several procurement assessment criteria being set as a guide to choose the appropriate method of procurement: Time Complexity Quality Cost Risk Flexibility In this case, three main criteria which are time, cost and quality will be focused and assessed in the following sections for this particular project to find the most suitable procurement route that balance between these three criteria. Figure 2.1: The balance of time, cost and quality 3.0 Traditional Procurement The traditional system, probably the most commonly adopted procurement strategy in UK, sometimes referred as ‘design-bid-build method. This is because the traditional route separates the responsibility for the design of the project from its construction with a ‘tendering period (Cooke Williams, 2009). Initially, the client appoints consultants for design and for cost control and contract administration of the project. After the design is completed, the tender stage starts by using two stage tendering or negotiation to appoint a contractor for the project. The appointed contractor will then enters into a direct contract with the client and responsible to build and deliver the project. The organizational structure of traditional procurement is shown in Figure 3.1. In addition, due to the design must be completed before the tender stage, the cost of construction can be determined with reasonable certainty before the construction commences on site (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi , 2006). Client Consultant Contractor QS, structural engineer Architect Subcontractor Supplier Figure 3.1: Traditional procurement (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) The traditional procurement is commonly used because of its particular advantages. These advantages are listed as follows: The design is complete before tendering ensures price certainty for the client. The design does not substantially change during construction therefore contract variations can be kept to a minimum. The client able to have direct influence and retains control over the design team, thus quality in the design can be assured. Detailed information such as drawings and Bills of Quantities provide a common basis for tendering and evaluation is relatively easy. The procedures are well known and enabling confidence to be assured in parties which involved throughout the process. Variations and contract changes are relatively easy to handle. Firm contractual date for completion. While this procurement route has its advantages, there are also criticisms. The main disadvantages are: The duration of project may be longer than other procurement methods as the strategies is sequential and construction cannot be commenced before the completion of design. A longer duration of project may make the cost of project higher because of the increased period of interim financing charges and interim payment to the contractor and consultants. These may cause the cost of project exceeds the clients budget. All the design risk is carried by the client. The contractor has no input into the design and planning of the project. The sequential nature of this system can result in poor communication between the client and the project team and can be cause of expensive disputes. 3.1 Cost By adapting this method of procurement, the cost is agreed as a lump sum fixed price between the University and the contractor thus provides overall cost certainty for the University before the construction commences on site. Besides, the project cost can be estimated, monitored and controlled by the Clients cost consultant during the whole project period and therefore large cost overruns will not occur which is an important advantage to the Client. In addition, traditional method could provide the Client value of money. As explained before, since the design stage is completed before the construction, the design and cost consultant team of the Client will corporate to ensure the design is value for money. 3.2 Time With this procurement route, as the design is carried out before the tender process, the length of time spent to develop the design and prepare the tender documents by the consultant team can be very long. This process tends to prevent the construction works to be started on site. In fact, traditional procurement is identified as the slowest method of procurement compare to others. Hence, this is a disadvantage for this new university facility project as the date of completion is critical. 3.3 Quality The traditional procurement provides the high degree of certainty that the quality and aesthetic standards will be met (Masterman, 2002). This is because the University can select the most appropriate design team for this project to complete the design before the tender stage. During the design stage, the University has direct control and influence over the design therefore can ensure the high aesthetic and quality standards for the new facility are fulfilled. 4.0 Design and build Procurement Ashworth (2006) defined design and build as ‘a procurement arrangement where one single entity or consortium is contractually responsible to the client for both the design and construction of the project. In other words, under a design and build strategy, a single contractor takes the risk and responsibility for designing and building the project. The client will employ a design team to carry out some preliminary design or scheme design. The client will then appoint a contractor to assume the responsibility for the design as well as the construction process. The contractor needs to develop the scheme design to a detailed design. Figure 4.1 illustrates the relationships between the parties that involved in the project. In this method of procurement, the construction can start before the detailed design is completed, but at the contractors risk (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). In practice, design and build procurement consist of a range of variable. The two common variants of this type of procurement are client-led design and build and contractor-led design and build. Client Architect or QS advisers Contractor Subcontractor Suppliers Architect and other designers Figure 4.1: Design and build (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) In client-led design and build, also known as develop and construct, a small number of contractors will be invited to tender for the project when the design is virtually completed possibly with full bills of quantities or notional bills. In this procurement route, study of Cooke Williams (2009) indicates that the client is fully involved in the design development and therefore the design risk is taken fully by the client as the contractor has little involvement to the fundamental design. Additionally, the client will be responsible for all design fees from start to ends of the project. There is an alternative to this method which is a popular practice in the construction industry. Once the contract has been awarded, the design team including the clients architect and other members of the design team will be novated to the contractor. In other words, the contractual obligation to complete the detail aspect of design is legally passed over to the contractor. In this way, the client wi ll maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will be responsible to the continuing design fees and the entire design (Cooke Williams, 2009). On the other hand, in contractor-led design and build, the client may provide minimal information in the outline brief to the contractor. Thus, the contractor is fully responsible for the conceptual and detailed design. As a result, the contractor has to produce a building which meets the clients requirement. In this situation, the contractor takes all of the responsibilities, risks and rewards of design. The contractor may provide an in-house design facility or engage independent design teams (Cooke Williams, 2009). It is preferable to appoint a design team coordinator to ensure the flow of information between the design team and the project team. The main advantages of design and build procurement are listed as follows: The client has only to deal with one firm since the contractor provides single-point responsibility for design and construction. Price certainty is obtained before the commencement of construction works provided the clients requirements are adequately specified and changes are not introduced. The total cost of project is usually lesser than other types of procurement systems. The overall project period is reduced because of overlapping activities as construction can be started before the design is completed. Despite its advantages, design and build has many arguments among the practitioners and client of the industry. The drawbacks of this procurement method are: Tender bids are difficult to compare since each design will be different result in different project time and prices. The tender period and negotiation tends to be much longer Changes of client to project scope can be expensive. No guarantee in terms of design and quality because has less control over this aspect. The client may find difficult in preparing an adequate and sufficiently comprehensive brief. 4.1 Cost The design and build approach enables the contractor to be more positive about the final cost to the Client at an earlier stage (Masterman, 2002). The price would be agreed between the Client and the contractor before construction commences on site. Besides, the initial cost and final cost of using this procurement system are usually lower than other procurement approaches. This is mainly because of the reduction in design costs and the integration of design and construction process. However, value for money is difficult to assess in this type of procurement. This is because there is usually limited information available at the tender stage, not to mention there are different methods, designs and services can be offered by the contractor. As a result, the Client may not be able to judge the efficiency of the design. 4.2 Time The specialty of this procurement route is that the contractor is responsible for both design and construction. Therefore, it allows the overlap of design and construction phases thus reduce the overall project period. This would be an advantage for the University because it ensures the construction works of the new facility can be commenced early. According to Masterman (2002), design and build projects have a better record in terms of completion on time. Hence, the University would be able to have the new building ready for new academic year by using this method of procurement. 4.3 Quality This method of procurement would not be a suitable procurement for this high aesthetic and quality standards project. Design and build is belief that most suitable for simple uncomplicated project which the aesthetic and quality of the project is low. The reason for this is that the contractor is responsible to develop the detailed design of the project. In some circumstances, inevitably the contractor will economise the cost of design to boost the profit margins which will caused a negative effect on the project quality. Additionally, in a design and build project, if the Client unable to provide a satisfactory brief, it is possible result in the Clients functional and quality requirements being unsatisfied. 5.0 Management Procurement 5.1 Management Contracting In this procurement strategy, a management contractor is engaged by the client to manage a number of work package subcontractors in return for a fee. Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the management contractor has direct contractual links with all of the subcontractors and carries the responsibility for the construction works without actually carrying out that work. In this method of procurement, the works are let in forms of work package and subcontractors will bids competitively for each work package to obtain the work. The relationship between the parties in management contracting is shown in Figure 5.1.1. Client Consultants Contractor QS, structural engineer Architect Work contractor Figure 5.1.1: Management contracting (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) Management contracting is a ‘fast track strategy says Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006). The work package approach allows the maximum overlap design and construction activities. In more general terms, provided that the work package is completed, the subcontractor may starts works on site before all of the design works are completed. Therefore, the overall project period can be reduced. Due to the nature of this type of procurement, cost certainty cannot be achieved until all packages of work is tendered and let. Hence, strict control of the work package budget is essential for the success of the project (Cooke Williams, 2009). In this strategy, the client reimburses the cost of the work packages to the appointed management contractor who will then pay the subcontractors. So, it is important to appoint the management contractor carefully and ensure that the management fee is appropriate. As the common characteristics of management contracting are previously described, the advantages of this procurement route can now identified: Overlapping of the design and construction processes tends to save time for the overall project thus enables earlier completion to be achieved. The nature of the procurement enables the contractor contribution to design and project planning. Changes can be accommodated provided that packages affected have not been let and there is little or no impact on those already let. Quality of the project can be assured as the design can be developed in stages and site supervisor can be appointed to ensure the quality standard is achieved. On the other hand, there are also weaknesses in this procurement method. The disadvantages are listed as follows: Poor price certainty at the early stage and the potential cost commitment depends on the design team estimates. The total cost of project is usually unknown until the project is well into the construction programme. The client must provide a good quality brief to the design team as the design will not be completed until the client has committed significant resources to the project. The client is responsible for the majority of the project risks. Damages of delay are difficult to pin on one subcontractor. 5.2 Construction Management Under a construction management strategy, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single main contractor. The client employs the design team and appoints a construction manager based on a negotiated fee simply to manage, programme and co-ordinate the design and construction activities carried out by the work package contractors. Unlike the management contracting, the each work package contractors have direct contractual link with the client and is paid directly by the client (see Figure 5.2.1). Client QS, structural engineer Architect Construction manager Trade contractor Trade contractor Figure 5.2.1: Construction management (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) The construction manager will provides professional construction expertise without assuming financial risk because there is no contractual link with design team or work package contractors. Hence, by using this procurement route, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the client has to be involved closely in the design and construction phases and take necessary actions based on the recommendations from the construction manager. Therefore, this method of procurement is not suitable for inexperienced client. It is recommended to use this procurement for large and complex project or a high degree of design innovation where the client wants deep involvement. Basically, the construction contracting has the similar advantages and disadvantages with the management contracting. Therefore, they will not discuss more in this section and please refer to the previous section if necessary. 5.3 Cost The uncertainty of price will be seen as a disadvantage for the management procurement system. However, the benefit of this ‘fast track strategy may result in cost savings and offsetting extra construction costs. Therefore, it could reduce the overall expense of the project. Besides, in this procurement, the cost of the project can be minimised by improving buildability and by work package contractors undertake the works at competitive prices. 5.4 Time For projects which need fast design and construction period, this would be the appropriate type of procurement to be used. The overlapping of design and construction phases will allows an early start of construction works on site and therefore saving in time can be achieved. Since the time of completion is an important issue in this project, the Client would be suggested to consider to adopting this procurement methods. 5.5 Quality Under this procurement route, the quality of the completed project can be achieved which fully meet the Clients needs provided that the design team is working closely with the management contractor on all aspect of the project to ensure he is fully aware of the design constraints as well as the Clients requirements. Besides, due to the management contractor is appointed at the early stage, he will be able to contribute his construction expertise to achieving an efficient quality standard for this project. 6.0 Justification of procurement strategy 6.1 Procurement Matrix After considering and evaluating the options of procurement available for the project, the most appropriate procurement system that suitable for the project can be selected. This can be achieved by assessing and setting the priorities of the project objectives in terms of time, quality and cost and the client attitude to risk. A universal procurement selection technique which is a procurement matrix is employed to help to select an appropriate procurement strategy for this particular project. The Universitys key objectives and requirements of this project are taken into account during the assessment. After completing this procurement matrix, the result shows that Management Contracting would be best suited procurement system for this new university facility project. Please see the attachment for the completed procurement matrix for this project. 6.2 Procurement strategy After a critical analysis of the procurement options as discussed above and completing the procurement matrix, the Management Contracting route is highly recommended to be adopted for this new build facility project. The reasons of this suggestion is being made are discussed as below. 6.2.1 Cost strategy In terms of cost issue, the Management Contracting probably is not the most recommended procurement systems compare to Traditional and Design and Build. This is because it is not the greatest at providing price certainty to ensure the budget of  £ 20 million can be met at the beginning of the project. However, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that this does not mean that the Client has less control over the project cost as strict supervision can be exerted over this aspect of the project. Due to that each package of work are being let by competition between contractors, the Client can monitor the cost closely and if necessary, adjust later work packages in order to cover any cost overruns in the previous work package. Furthermore, the University has to appoint the Management Contractor so that he can advise and contribute at the design process based on his professional expertise and carry out value engineering works to ensure the project is being built within the budget. 6.2.2 Time strategy The completion on time is a key requirement of this project. The Client has specifically required that the new facility must be completed on 1st August 2012. Under this circumstance, Management Contracting would be appropriate to meet the deadline. Due to the rapid progress of this procurement which provides overlapping of design and construction phases allows early commencement of works on site and therefore results in time saving. Moreover, the key strategy to ensure the project is completed on time is to make sure that all of the information from the design team is continuously issued on time to the Management Contractor and to ensure that the Management Contractor is always being updated. Hence, these could avoid any misunderstandings and delays during the construction works. Besides, the competency and experience of the Management Contractor will also ensure this ‘fast track procurement can be carried out efficiently. A high level of experience Management Contractor who familiar with this type of procurement route must be appointed so that the works on site are well manage and control throughout the whole process. 6.2.3 Quality strategy The Management Contracting would ensure the required high quality and aesthetic standards of this new build project can be successfully met. This is because this type of procurement method allows the Client to appoint and oversee the design team to develop detailed design which fulfills the specific requirements. Furthermore, to ensure the quality and aesthetic standards of this university facility are met, the Client has to make sure that the design team are aware and focus from the beginning of the project to develop the design based on these commitments. Additionally, all of the detailed drawings and specification produced by the design team must go into the contract between the Client and the Management Contractor so that the requirements of the Client are well informed thus can be managed efficiently the works on site to ensure the requirements are met. 7.0 Form of Contract A contract is defined by Cooke Williams (2009) as a means of formalising the relationship between the contracting parties in which the rights and obligations of the parties are agreed and the balance of risk between the parties established. The contracts also establish how administrative procedures and the serving of formal notices are to be conducted and mechanisms for dealing with contract payments, delays, compensation and disputes says Cooke. There are several of contracts produced by different bodies used in the construction industry but by far the JCT (Joint Contracts Tribunal) is the most popular forms of contract in use. Hence, the JCT 2005 Management Building Contract is recommended to be used in this project. The JCT 2005 Management Building Contract comprises (Hackett, Robinson Statham, 2007): Management Building Contract Management Works Contract Tender Agreement Management Works Contract Conditions Management Work Contract / Employer Agreement Under this forms of contract, the management contractor tenders on the basis of a management fee and the works contract are being let by separate packages when the design of those packages are developed (Cooke Williams, 2009). The management contractor is legally bound with these work package contractors under the Management Works Contract. In other words, the management contractor is responsible to manage the work package contractors. Moreover, during the design stages, the contract also requires the management contractor to cooperate with the consultant team such as architect, engineering and quantity surveyor. In addition, all necessary programmes for execution of the project which includes detailed construction programme are required to prepare by the management contractor (Cooke Williams, 2009). Under the contract, the management contractors duties include maintaining and regularly updating the detailed construction programme. 8.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the Management Contracting is the most suitable procurement route for this project. This procurement system allows the Client to design the new university facility according to his requirements and appoints the Management Contractor to manage the construction works on site. Using the Management Contracting, the price certainty can be achieved with close monitor of the cost of each work packages so that the building can be built within the budget of  £ 20 million. Furthermore, the advantage of this ‘fast track procurement method tends to meet the time of completion for this project. Last but not least, since this is a prestigious project, this type of procurement route ensure the high quality and aesthetic standards are met in accordance with the Clients requirements. With these, it is recommended for the University to adopt the Management Contracting as the method of procurement to maximise the success of the project.